Rejects Transubstantiation: Lacks biblical basis; Christ’s presence in Lord’s Supper is spiritual, not physical change of substances (Colossians 1:20).
Denies Mass as Propitiatory Sacrifice: Contradicts once-for-all atonement (Hebrews 7:27, 9:12, 10:10-14); Mass is unbloody, repetitive, and imperfect.
Christ’s Atonement Complete: Fully justifies, sanctifies, and redeems by faith alone (Romans 5:9, Ephesians 1:7); no ongoing sacrifices needed.
Symbolic Interpretation: Last Supper and John 6 emphasize faith, not literal eating (John 6:35-40); repetitive rituals remind of sins (Hebrews 10:1-3).
Sungenis’s Position
Affirms Transubstantiation: Christ’s words effect real presence (Trent Canon 2); divinity transcends time (Hebrews 13:8).
Mass Re-presents Sacrifice: Same as Calvary, propitiatory for ongoing grace (Trent Session 22); uses sacrificial terms like “do this” (Luke 22:19).
Atonement Appropriated Continually: Christ’s one sacrifice made available in Eucharist for purification (Colossians 1:24; John 6:54).
Literal Interpretation: Requires eating flesh/drinking blood for eternal life (John 6); memorial as sacrificial act (Exodus 29:39).
